basic facts.
Ketamine Hydrochloride is a powerful, dissociative anaesthetic designed for medical use. It was developed after the use of PCP for an anesthetic in the 1950's turned out to cause disastrous side effects.
The effects of ketamine don't last long but until they wear off it can cause loss of feelings in the body, paralysis of the muscles and experiencing distortion of reality.
The effects of ketamine don't last long but until they wear off it can cause loss of feelings in the body, paralysis of the muscles and experiencing distortion of reality.
effects.
Makes people feel very chilled out and relaxed, giving a feeling of floating away
Can make you physically incapable of moving, completely detached from your body and surroundings
It can cause hallucinations leading to good or bad 'trips' that can last for up to an hour
Can make you physically incapable of moving, completely detached from your body and surroundings
It can cause hallucinations leading to good or bad 'trips' that can last for up to an hour
risks.
When take frequently, it can worsen mental health issues, anxiety or panic attacks
Because you lack the feeling of pain, you may severely injure yourself and not realise
High doses, when taken with alcohol or benzodizepines or opiates, can dangerously affect the way you breathe, the way your heart works and can lead to unconsciousness
Ketamine, when mixed with ecstasy and amphetamines, can cause high blood pressure
Causes severe bladder problems with severe pain and difficulty passing urine
Abdominal pains have been reported by long term users
Injecting ketamine can damage the veins and cause blood clots
Ketamine should not be smoked as it burns holes in your throat/lungs if inhaled
Because you lack the feeling of pain, you may severely injure yourself and not realise
High doses, when taken with alcohol or benzodizepines or opiates, can dangerously affect the way you breathe, the way your heart works and can lead to unconsciousness
Ketamine, when mixed with ecstasy and amphetamines, can cause high blood pressure
Causes severe bladder problems with severe pain and difficulty passing urine
Abdominal pains have been reported by long term users
Injecting ketamine can damage the veins and cause blood clots
Ketamine should not be smoked as it burns holes in your throat/lungs if inhaled
the law.
Argentina
Information not available.
Australia
Both sale and possession are illegal. Penalties can include fines, miprisonment and disqualification from driving if caught under the influence.
Canada
Both sale and possession are illegal. Schedule I narcotic as of 2005 (August).
China
Both sale and possession are illegal. Class II psychiatric drug rescheduled to Class I in 2004. Maximum penalty for trafficking is life imprisonment. Trade is limited to licensed wholesalers. Retail sales are prohibited.
Hungary
Information not available.
India
Both sale and possession are legal. It is not listed under the Narcotic Drugs
and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985. Has been reported that ketamine is
available over the counter.
Iran
Both sale and possession are illegal but neither is officially controlled. It became unavaible to the general public in 2011/12 and can no longer be purchased through vetinarians.
Ireland
Both sale and possession are illegal. Posession can result in up to 7 years and/or an unlimited fine. Sale can result in life and/or an unlimited fine.
Israel
Information not available.
Jamaica
Both sale and possession are illegal. However ketamine is reportedly not very controlled.
Japan
Both sale and possession are illegal. It became a designated narcotic in 2005.
Nepal
Information not available.
Netherlands
Both sale and possession are legal. Ketamine is treated as a medication and is not listen in the illegal drugs list.
New Zealand
Both sale and possession are illegal. Class C drug sa of february 2008.
North Korea
Information not available.
South Africa
Both sale and possession are legal. It is not a scheduled or controlled substance.
Serbia
Both sale and possession are legal. Reportedly difficult to find but legal to possess.
Spain
Information not available.
Thailand
Sale is illegal. Possession if carrying 100g or less is illegal. Possession is legal if carrying a medical certificate or prescription by a licensed doctor or dentist. Illegal possession is punishable by up to 5 years in prison and/or up to 100,000 baht. Classed sa a Category II narcotic.
United Kingdom
Both sale and possession are illegal. Class C as of January 2006. Possessionc an result in up to 2 years in prison and/or an unlimited fine. Supplying can result in up to 14 years in jail and/or an unlimited fine. Before 2006, possession was legal as it was not controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act.
United States
Both sale and possession are illegal without a prescription or license to distribute. Schedule III drug (not approved for medical use). Possession, regardless of quantity, stipulates up to 5 years in prison and a fine of up to $250,000. For second term offenders, both the jail term and fine doubles.
Uruguay
Information not available.
Venezuela
Information not available.
Information not available.
Australia
Both sale and possession are illegal. Penalties can include fines, miprisonment and disqualification from driving if caught under the influence.
Canada
Both sale and possession are illegal. Schedule I narcotic as of 2005 (August).
China
Both sale and possession are illegal. Class II psychiatric drug rescheduled to Class I in 2004. Maximum penalty for trafficking is life imprisonment. Trade is limited to licensed wholesalers. Retail sales are prohibited.
Hungary
Information not available.
India
Both sale and possession are legal. It is not listed under the Narcotic Drugs
and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985. Has been reported that ketamine is
available over the counter.
Iran
Both sale and possession are illegal but neither is officially controlled. It became unavaible to the general public in 2011/12 and can no longer be purchased through vetinarians.
Ireland
Both sale and possession are illegal. Posession can result in up to 7 years and/or an unlimited fine. Sale can result in life and/or an unlimited fine.
Israel
Information not available.
Jamaica
Both sale and possession are illegal. However ketamine is reportedly not very controlled.
Japan
Both sale and possession are illegal. It became a designated narcotic in 2005.
Nepal
Information not available.
Netherlands
Both sale and possession are legal. Ketamine is treated as a medication and is not listen in the illegal drugs list.
New Zealand
Both sale and possession are illegal. Class C drug sa of february 2008.
North Korea
Information not available.
South Africa
Both sale and possession are legal. It is not a scheduled or controlled substance.
Serbia
Both sale and possession are legal. Reportedly difficult to find but legal to possess.
Spain
Information not available.
Thailand
Sale is illegal. Possession if carrying 100g or less is illegal. Possession is legal if carrying a medical certificate or prescription by a licensed doctor or dentist. Illegal possession is punishable by up to 5 years in prison and/or up to 100,000 baht. Classed sa a Category II narcotic.
United Kingdom
Both sale and possession are illegal. Class C as of January 2006. Possessionc an result in up to 2 years in prison and/or an unlimited fine. Supplying can result in up to 14 years in jail and/or an unlimited fine. Before 2006, possession was legal as it was not controlled under the Misuse of Drugs Act.
United States
Both sale and possession are illegal without a prescription or license to distribute. Schedule III drug (not approved for medical use). Possession, regardless of quantity, stipulates up to 5 years in prison and a fine of up to $250,000. For second term offenders, both the jail term and fine doubles.
Uruguay
Information not available.
Venezuela
Information not available.
medical uses.
Proposed medical useTo treat depression
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Proposed benefitsStudies have found that low dose infusions of ketamine have excellent potential in reducing the symptoms of severe depression.
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To treat bipolar
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Studies have found that a single dose of ketamine improved the depressive symtpoms within 40 minutes and remained over 3 days. 79% improved with ketamine. It proved to have antisuicidal effects.
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Neuropathic pain
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Ketamine has demonstrated usefulness as an analgesic to treat neuropathic pain that is unresponsive to currently available medicines.
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Epidural anesthetic
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Ketamine receptors inhibit central sensitisation and potentiate the analgesic effect of morphine.
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professional views.
For"It's surprising both that it works and how rapidly it effects. It sometimes can work in hours to reduce depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. Our goal is to begin to determine how the drug can be administered safely in routine treatment." - Timothy Lineberry, M.D, Mayo Clinic psychiatrist on his study of ketamine for depression
"The rapid therapeutic response of ketamin in treatment-resistant patients is the biggest breakthrough in depression research in a half century." - Ronald Duman, Elizabth Mears and House Jameson Professor of Psychiatry and Professor of Neurobiology
"found that ketamine infusions at low rates worked just as well as higher infusion rates." - Timothy Lineberry, M.D, Mayo Clinic psychiatrist on his study of ketamine for depression
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Against"While patients and clinicians are excited about ketmaine's potential, we know that much more research lies ahead before we know which depressive conditions can be adressed with ketamine safely by clinicians in routine clinical practice." - Timothy Lineberry, M.D, Mayo Clinic psychiatrist
"Ketamine has demonstrated usefulness as an analgesic to treat nonresponsive neuropathic pain; however, it is not widely administered to outpatients due to fear of such side effects as hallucinations and other cognitive disturbances." - Lynn R. Webster and Mary Jean Walker, American Journal Of Therapeutics (2006)
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